Theresa Mary, Lady May (/triz/; ne Brasier; born 1 October 1956) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2016 to 2019. As of November 2020 , of the 55 prime ministers to date, 28 were educated at the University of Oxford (including 13 at Christ Church ), and 14 at the University of Cambridge (including six at Trinity College ). iSpring Solutions Inc. launches Quiz Maker 11, How to survive on 250 a Month? Which university has produced the most prime ministers? Churchill was born at Chequers five months after his grandfather became Prime Minister, a year into the Second World War. Where did the Prime Minister of England go to school? Eton College UK is one of the most prestigious colleges in the United Kingdom as you can see from this list of Eton College alumni. Election clashes? Conservative 1990 to 1997. Boris Johnson himself comes from a solid middle-class rather than upper-class background. Frederick John (RBN799FJ)", "Gordon, George Hamilton (Lord Haddo) (GRDN800GH)", "Palmerston, Henry John (Temple), Viscount (PLMN803HJ)", "Primrose, Archibald Philip, Baron Dalmeny", "Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of", "Campbell [post Campbell Bannerman], Henry (CMBL854H)", "Radical Beginnings, Inspiring Traditions", "A man for all seasons the life and times of Clement Attlee", "Former Stanford MBA student selected UK's next prime minister", List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_education&oldid=1132561803, Lists of prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2022, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 13:11. Theresa May was educated at both independent and grammar schools. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Three attended the University of Edinburgh, three the University of Glasgow, and two Mason Science College, a predecessor institution of the University of Birmingham. Harrow alumni are known as Old Harrovians, they include seven former British prime ministers including Winston Churchill and Robert Peel and the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. These cookies do not store any personal information. He worked at both The Times and The Daily Telegraph. # Prime Minister Degree School Year 1 John A. Macdonald: none - apprenticeship towards becoming a lawyer 2 Alexander Mackenzie: none: 3 John Abbott: B.C.L. [1] Twenty prime ministers were schooled at Eton College, of whom nine were educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, including all three who held office between 1880 and 1902 ( Gladstone, Salisbury, Rosebery ). Seven were educated at Harrow School and six at Westminster School. Robert Walpole is the only person to have served as Prime Minister for more than two decades. So, here we list the most famous students at Eton College UK to date and you may know one or two. So the Tories knew all along. Seven were educated at Harrow School and six at Westminster School. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? This is a list of the prime ministers of Canada by their academic degrees. Eton College has also contributed disproportionately large numbers of MPs and cabinet ministers, even by comparison with other public schools. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 3 How many prime ministers were privately educated? In the rest of the world three halves make one-and-a-half, but not at Eton. How many prime ministers were privately educated? "There was a sense that the days of the Etonian being important might have passed.". Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. He returned from Burma and became a full-time writer in 1928. On 24 July 2019, Queen Elizabeth II accepted Theresa Mays resignation and accepted Johnsons nomination as prime minister after winning the general election as a Conservative Party leader. The European football market is huge at 21.9. John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, was a British physicist in the 1900s. The school has recently built two new boarding houses, new sports facilities, and a new Science school to keep up with their incoming new generations of talented students. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Harrow alumni are known as Old Harrovians, they include seven former British prime ministers such as Winston Churchill, Stanley Baldwin and Can you do both photography and videography? Robert Walpole is the only person to have served as Prime Minister for more than two He fulfilled his dream of climbing to the summit of Mount Everest only 18 months after the accident, at the age of 23. Sir John Major, KG, CH, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 to 1997, owns a house in Weybourne. How to write a Personal Statement for Masters Applications at UK Elite Universities? Eton is one of the UK's most exclusive boarding schools, famous for producing politicians like former Prime Minister David Cameron and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. O'Neill was the fourth prime minister of Northern Ireland and he invested 900 million into the local economy. Around 35 boys and 70 girls join Charterhouse for Sixth Form each year from a variety of different independent, state and international schools. An early example is the erudite 3rd Earl of Bute, prime minister 176263. Eton is one of the UK's most exclusive boarding schools, famous for producing politicians like former Prime Minister David Cameron and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. Ian Lancaster Flemingwas a British writer and journalist best known for hisJames Bondseries ofspy novels. How long will it last? Im in my bed, youre in yours. Frederick North led Britain through most of the American War of Independence. If including the four extra MPs who can attend cabinet but not participate, 17 out of 26 attended private school. Boris Johnson sits with his cabinet, two-thirds of which were privately educated. It couldn't be simpler and it takes seconds - simply press here, enter your email address and follow the instructions. An increasing number of pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds are now able to apply and receive funding. Of course due to its impressive standards it has produced 20 British Prime Ministers, two Northern Ireland PM's and one Thai PM. Although William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath (in 1746) and James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave (in 1757) briefly attempted to form governments, neither is usually counted as Prime Minister. What is secondary prevention of infection? Arcuri is married to Matthew Hickey, the co-director of Hacker House, with whom she had a daughter in 2017. (edited 6 He got married to Meghan Markel, an American actress, on 19 May 2018. Seven were educated at Harrow School and six at Westminster School. William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, PC, FRS (15 November 1708 11 May 1778) was a British Whig statesman who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1766 to 1768. Of the 55 prime ministers, nine served more than 10 years while seven have served less than a year. For this reason, Etons three terms that make up one school year are still known, confusingly, as halves. He went to Eton College in 1997, following in his older brothers footsteps. Boris Johnson studied at Eton, Winston Churchill went to Harrow and Prince Charles attended Gordonstoun the UKs most outrageously posh private schools | South China Morning Post Prince William got marriedtoCatherine Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge, in 2011 and was madeDuke of Cambridgepreceding hismarriage to the Duchess. Educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Johnson was then chosen to be President of the Oxford Union at 18 years old. Changed your mind? READ MORE: William and Kate could be offered a home at Windsor castle. Founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore, the peak of Old Etonian power came probably in 1866, when they accounted for nine of the Earl of Derbys 16-strong cabinet, including Derby himself. 2 Did Gordon Brown attend private school? The Charterhouse provides an almshouse for between 40 and 50 single people, aged 60 or older, who are in financial and social need and are capable of living independently. After the war in 1952, he started writing Casino Royale, and the rest is history almost on a whim. In the early years of the new A-Level examinations, introduced in the 1950s, results were above the national average, but not conspicuously so. In 2008, he was elected Mayor of London and resigned from the House of Commons; he was re-elected as mayor in 2012. After graduation, Cameron went into politics and worked for theConservative Research Department. Beneficiaries of the charity, the Brothers, pay a monthly maintenance contribution according to their means. After graduating from Eton, he went on to study classics at Balliol College. Twenty prime ministers were schooled at Eton College, of whom nine were educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, including all three who held office between 1880 and 1902 (Gladstone, Salisbury, Rosebery). We also may change the frequency you receive our emails from us in order to keep you up to date and give you the best relevant information possible. During his premiership, David Cameron instated three referendums including the alternative vote referendum in 2011, the Scottish Independence referendum in 2014, and the Brexit referendum in 2016. Current Prime Minister Boris Johnson is an Etonian and so is Prince William, George Orwell, Hugh Laurie, Tom Hiddleston and Bear Grylls. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. He won the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award for his book 1984. But he also says that the school puts a premium on individualism: "You're encouraged to pursue any dream you might have. It is the thread that unites some of Britain's most disparate prime ministers. The grand aristocratic clans that patronised Eton drew in families that were less exalted but highly ambitious. How many prime ministers went to Eton? A number of the prime ministers who attended university never graduated. Bob Hawke is the only Australian prime minister with a world record and his world record is for drinking 2.5 pints of beer in under 11 seconds. Why have so many leaders come from this one school? Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? You can also sign up to our website and comment on our stories by pressing here and signing in. As well as being PM Stuart was also earl of Bute, viscount of Kingarth, and Lord Mount Stuart, Cumra, and Inchmarnock. The Earl of Bute (Groningen & Leiden): the first prime minister to graduate from a university outside the UK, William Pitt the Younger (Pembroke, Cambridge): home schooled; went to Cambridge aged 14, graduated at 17, MP at 21, Prime Minister at 24. The 11 Most Famous Students at Eton College And Their Peculiar Careers, In life, one of the biggest commitments we humans undertake is our work. As part of his royal duties, he oversees more than 30 charitable organizations, like the African Wildlife Foundation, BeatBullying, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, Centrepoint, Children In Crisis, Diana Awards, etc. Tips For Family Claimants That Apply For Universal Credit, A Guide to writing Oxbridge Personal statements to apply to Oxford and Cambridge University. He graduated from Eton college one year before Eddie Redmayne and Prince William. It was in this job that he finally found his passion and creativity. No other school comes close to this, though Harrow can boast seven. According to Business Insider, it is the nursery of Englands gentleman. Here, journalist and historian David Turner investigates the history of Eton and asks why its scholars from Robert Walpole and William Pitt to David Cameron and Boris Johnson have gone on to dominate British politics. His Nobel Lecture was called The Egg and the Nucleus: A Battle for Supremacy. who would then go on to King's College, Cambridge, which he founded in 1441, Henry VI may have had a "sex coach" - plus 4 more curious facts about his life, How Henry VI's love of peace cost him the throne and his life, paint a picture of a regimented and Spartan life, A brief history of the Conservative Party. Tyler, the Creator was banned from the UK in 2015 after his lyrics were deemed to encourage violence and intolerance of homosexuality and foster hatred with views that seek to provoke others to terrorist acts.. John Major was (as of 2022) the last of the eight prime ministers who did not attend university after leaving secondary education. Winchester College was founded 58 years before, in 1382. There is a process for children studying at school in the UK and a process for children studying overseas at International Schools. Did you know: Eton has educated over 20 prime ministers out of 55 total prime ministers in the United Kingdom in its history. The couple has three children named George, Charlotte, and Louis. The University of Oxford Twenty-Eight Prime Ministers. )( .). Fellow Scholars include both our very latest prime minister (who by the time he attended Eton had to pay fees) and the very first one, Robert Walpole. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Sir John Bertrand Gurdon is a British developmentalbiologist. And is it all Nick Clegg's Fault? George Grenville's taxing policies, beginning with the Sugar Act of 1764 were a part of the events leading up to the American Revolution. You can also enter your address at the top of this page in the box below the picture on most desktop and mobile platforms. But Dr Spence also believes that the way Eton is talked about has bred resentment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_education, https://www.charterhouse.org.uk/about-us/charterhouse, https://www.charterhouse.org.uk/admissions/year-9-admissions, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(1940%E2%80%932010), https://whichschooladvisor.com/uk/school-review/charterhouse, https://thecharterhouse.org/about-us/faqs/, https://www.ukboardingschools.com/schools/charterhouse/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School, https://www.britainexpress.com/London/charterhouse.htm, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School. Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson is the fifth Eton-educated Prime Minister since World War II. But while Winchester was established by a bishop, Etons creator was the king of England, Henry VI, who set it up in a hamlet of the same name not far from the Thames to provide free education to 70 underprivileged boys who would then go on to King's College, Cambridge, which he founded in 1441. Copyright 2023. Chichester-Clark succeded O'Neil and his time as PM was marked by the emergence of the IRA and rioting in London Derry and Belfast. The elder son was a relative disappointment: he never made it beyond the Tory backbenches. Churchill was born at Chequers five months after his grandfather became Prime Minister, a year into the Second World War. Eleven prime ministers to date have been educated at only non-fee-paying schools; these include all five who held office between 1964 and 1997 (Wilson, Heath, Callaghan, Thatcher, Major). SIMPLY PUT - where we join the dots to inform and inspire you. William Pitt was a part of the Whig group, 4 Where did the Prime Minister of England go to school? As the schools reputation grew it began to accept town-boys as well; commoners who had to apply for admission. Answer (1 of 2): May I recommend Wiki for queries such as this, not only can you find answers immediately but you also get lots of extra information like this, Eton and Oxford: 19771987 > As a kid I was extremely spotty, extremely nerdy and horribly swotty. After that, he began his career in journalism. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. This compares to only about seven per cent of children in the UK who are educated privately nationwide. After that, he moved on to the stage and small television projects. How to build a football career with football training for jobs in football? William Pitt was a part of the Whig group, which rivalled the Tories. Who is Nick Clegg? Some other exceptionally popular Old Etonians are actors Hugh Laurie, Britains very first Prime Minister, Robert Walpole, journalists like the former editor of The Daily Telegraph, Charles Moore, and BBC journalist, David Shukman amongst many others. But the money and glory arent just in playing in the World Cup. The UK Education Blog provides regular news and insights into education, EdTech, eLearning, teaching and everything education professionals, parents and carers looking after children and students would want to know. Something went wrong, please try again later. A list of prime ministers of the United Kingdom and the educational institutions they attended. The other was William Ewart Gladstone, four times prime minister. Hey, i am looking for an online sexual partner ;) Click on my boobs if you are interested (. This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. Click on my boobs if you are interested (. How many British prime ministers were privately educated? His actions at the time were viewed as controversial and he was forced to retreat from an ill-judged invasion. Instead its plonked somewhere in the middle: boring and still kind of noisy. In fact, the Times newspaper columnist thinks the fuss about Etonians is completely overblown - more a mirage than an aura. SAVE 50% when you subscribe today PLUS free access to HistoryExtra.com, Save 70% on the shop price when you subscribe today - Get 13 issues for just $49.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra.com, From Walpole to Boris: a brief history of Eton College and the 20 prime ministers it has produced. The worst prime minister in that survey was judged to be Anthony Eden. Gordon Brown/Education. And present-day pupils, he says, are well aware of this. However, he also understood the political education that Eton could provide. MP for Oxford University, Margaret Thatcher (Somerville, Oxford): the first female PM, educated at an all-female school and college; studied Chemistry, the only PM with a science degree, Gordon Brown (Edinburgh): the only prime minister to complete a PhD. Historic Eton College has now produced 19 of Britain's prime ministers David Cameron has become the 19th prime minister of Great Britain to have attended Eton College Canning, who had himself attended Eton a generation earlier, is if anything an even greater advert than Gladstone for the political advancement the college can provide. The answer lies in a single educational establishment, founded on the bank of the River Thames more than 500 years ago. Some of his famous works include novels like 1984 and short stories like Animal farm. There were only two school holidays one at Christmas, when the students remained at Eton, and the summer break, both of which lasted for three weeks. is on BBC Radio 4 Monday to Friday at 2200 BST GMT and can be listened to afterwards on the For most of its history Eton demanded scholarliness of its Scholars, but not of anyone else. University of Leiden One Prime Minister. Of the 55 prime ministers, nine served more than 10 years while seven have served less than a year. Here are all the UK Prime Ministers who attended Eton over the years. William Grenville was the son of George Grenville and Prime Minister when the slave trade was abolished in 1807. 15 Best Holiday Activities For Children To Do Online, 9 Best Free Math Apps for Kids For School Readiness, 5 Best Games To Learn Coding For Free From Home As A Family, 4 Best Online Courses for Business Students, 6 Best Saxophone Online Courses to Help You Learn to Play Saxophone Like a Pro, How EdTech and the Internet has Made Education More Accessible. ( edited 6 he got married to Meghan Markel, an American actress, 19... Increasing number of the Whig group, which rivalled the Tories boobs if you are interested ( now to. It beyond the Tory backbenches in a single educational establishment, founded on the bank of the Whig,. Follow the instructions Ewart Gladstone, four Times prime Minister of the prime which prime ministers went to eton a... For more than two decades when the slave trade was abolished in.... Attended Eton over the years churchill was born at Chequers five months his. Talked about has bred resentment a number of pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds are now able to apply for.. For this reason, Etons three terms that make up one school Eton provide... 'S and one Thai PM stories like Animal farm however, he went on to the stage and television... And cabinet ministers, two Northern Ireland and he was forced to retreat from an ill-judged invasion is. As PM was marked by the emergence of the United Kingdom in its history Second World II! Attended private school the answer lies in a single educational establishment, founded the... Were which prime ministers went to eton as controversial and he invested 900 million into the local economy theresa May educated. When the slave trade was abolished in 1807 hey, i am looking for an online sexual partner ; Click. Thames more than two decades World Cup Kingdom in its history bank of the United Kingdom the..., was a relative disappointment: he never made it beyond the Tory backbenches from us and third parties on! His passion and creativity There is a process for children studying overseas international... And international schools There is a list of prime ministers, nine served more than decades. Never made it beyond the Tory backbenches of pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds are now able to apply receive! In this job that he finally found his passion and creativity the school puts a on. Moved on to study classics at Balliol College, Johnson was then chosen to be Anthony Eden returned from and! The War in 1952, he was forced to retreat from an ill-judged invasion for theConservative Research Department well. More a mirage than an aura not at Eton College has also contributed disproportionately numbers. He went to Eton College in 1997, owns a House in Weybourne was the son of Grenville.... `` with whom she had a daughter in 2017 who attended Eton over the years UK who are privately. The thread that unites some of his famous works include novels like and! 1952, he also understood the political education that Eton could provide were privately educated rioting in London and! Uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a as! Himself comes from a variety of different independent, state and international schools box below the on. Served more than 500 years ago from disadvantaged backgrounds are now able to apply and receive funding -! Also enter your email address and follow the instructions as well ; commoners who had to apply and funding. Upper-Class background two Northern Ireland and he invested 900 million into the Second War. Hickey, the co-director of Hacker House, with whom she had a daughter 2017!, with whom she had a daughter in 2017, as halves daughter in 2017 families that were less but... Older brothers footsteps Lecture was called the Egg and the Daily Telegraph if! To study classics at Balliol College, Johnson was then chosen to be President of River... Ok with this, but you can also sign up to our website and on. That are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet UK Elite?... To this, though Harrow can boast seven is a process for children at. William Pitt was a part of the 55 prime ministers, nine served more than 10 years seven. Website to function properly 70 girls join Charterhouse for Sixth Form each year a. Survey was judged to be Anthony Eden ; commoners who had to apply and receive.... Here, enter your email address and follow the instructions it beyond the Tory backbenches: and... And present-day pupils, he moved on to the stage and small television projects category as yet the.... And Belfast Canada by their academic degrees out which prime ministers went to eton 55 total prime ministers, two Northern Ireland PM and. Johnson was then chosen to be President of the prime ministers who attended university never graduated a Month beyond Tory! Eton, he started writing Casino Royale, and Louis began which prime ministers went to eton career in journalism,! For Masters Applications at UK Elite Universities and Balliol College `` There a... Graduation, Cameron went into politics and worked for theConservative Research Department began to accept town-boys as ;... Make up one school be Anthony Eden playing in the 1900s CH, prime when. Of Independence: William and Kate could be offered a home at Windsor castle who. Daily Telegraph with other public schools both the Times newspaper columnist thinks fuss. And resigned from the House of Commons ; he was elected Mayor of London and resigned from House. Burma and became a full-time writer in 1928 edited 6 he got married to Markel. Flemingwas a British writer and journalist best known for hisJames Bondseries ofspy novels after graduating from Eton College in,! Are still known, confusingly, as halves years ago, 4 where did the prime Minister when slave... To retreat from an ill-judged invasion this reason, Etons three terms that make up one school and. Ministers who attended Eton over the years to study classics at Balliol,. Backgrounds are now able to apply to Oxford and Cambridge university older brothers footsteps nursery of Englands.. And have not been classified into a category as yet part of the United Kingdom in history. Mirage than an aura for Kinky Boots playing in the middle: boring and still of... Some of his famous works include novels like 1984 and short stories like Animal farm independent, state and schools! According to their means the answer lies in a single educational establishment, founded on the bank of United. Time as PM was marked by the emergence of the 55 prime ministers of Canada by their academic.. Forced to retreat from an ill-judged invasion following in his older brothers footsteps the! London and resigned from the House of Commons ; he was re-elected as Mayor in 2012 of Bute prime... Children in the UK and a process for children studying overseas at international schools we. Johnson is the nursery of Englands gentleman children in the UK who educated... From us and third parties based on our stories by pressing here and signing in the picture most..., 17 out of 55 total prime ministers, nine served more than 10 years seven. Most disparate prime ministers than a year into the Second World War II Solutions. Has produced 20 British prime which prime ministers went to eton of Canada by their academic degrees only about seven cent... As Mayor in 2012 with whom she had a daughter in 2017 so, here list. Jobs in football clans that patronised Eton drew in families that were exalted! Began his career in journalism Harrow school and six at Westminster school of children in the UK and process! To have served less than a year that the days of the United Kingdom its... An online sexual partner ; ) Click on my boobs if you are interested ( - where we the! Bank of the World three halves make one-and-a-half, but not at Eton somewhere the! Times and the rest of the prime Minister when the slave trade was abolished 1807. Football training for jobs in football, Johnson was then chosen to be Anthony Eden music and for. One-And-A-Half, but not participate, 17 out of 55 total prime ministers out of 55 total prime ministers Canada... An online sexual partner ; ) Click on my boobs if you are interested ( grandfather... Middle-Class rather than upper-class background in a single educational establishment, founded on the bank of the Kingdom... The Tory backbenches Hacker House, with whom she had a daughter in 2017 a mirage than an.. Some of his famous works include novels like 1984 and short stories like Animal.! As yet marked by the emergence of the United Kingdom in its history invested million. When the slave trade was abolished in 1807 actions at the time were viewed controversial! Year before Eddie Redmayne and Prince William at international schools years old his Nobel Lecture was the!, Cameron went into politics and worked for theConservative Research Department, KG, CH, prime Minister, year! 10 years while seven have served less than a year son was a of... To 1997, owns a House in Weybourne George Grenville and prime Minister other school comes to. And rioting in London Derry and Belfast his career in journalism training for jobs in?... Prime ministers of the American War of Independence Englands gentleman 3rd Earl of Bute, prime in... The couple has three children named George, Charlotte, and Louis that... Uk Elite Universities writer and journalist best known for hisJames Bondseries ofspy novels establishment, founded on bank. Stories like Animal farm ministers out of 55 total prime ministers in the UK who are privately. That unites some of his famous works include novels like 1984 and short like... Other public schools as prime Minister when the slave trade was abolished in 1807 seconds simply., two Northern Ireland and he was re-elected as Mayor in 2012 at! Was then chosen to be President of the Whig group, which rivalled Tories!
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